Use Of Force

The use of force is a critical aspect of law enforcement. Officers must apply force lawfully, proportionately and only when necessary. This combined guide covers both basic principles (ATM) and advanced considerations (PLAN).

Basic Framework — ATM

• ATM Overview — Ask, Tell, Make Details

  The ATM approach guides escalation of force in a clear, proportional manner:

  • A – ASK: Request compliance politely and clearly. Example: "Excuse me, you must leave this property."
  • T – TELL: If non-compliant, warn the subject of consequences. Example: "If you do not leave, I will arrest you."
  • M – MAKE: If still refusing, apply reasonable force to achieve compliance (e.g., physical removal, compliant restraint techniques, or less-lethal options where justified).

  Always document actions and de-escalation attempts; use of force must be recorded and justified.

Advanced Framework — PLAN (SPC+)

• PLAN Overview — Proportionate, Legal, Accountable, Necessary Details

  The PLAN framework is used by senior officers to assess whether the use of force is justified:

  • P – Proportionate: Ensure force used matches the threat posed.
  • L – Legal: Actions must comply with statute, case law and force policy.
  • A – Accountable: Officers must be able to explain and record their decision-making.
  • N – Necessary: Force must be necessary to resolve the incident and no less-intrusive option is available.

  In SPC+ assessments, the emphasis is on planning and justification — consider alternatives, proportionality and potential consequences before authorising force.

Use of Force Considerations

• Use of Firearms and Less-Lethal Options Details

  Drawing or discharging firearms is a major use of force and must follow strict policy and legal tests. Less-lethal options (Tasers, baton, incapacitant spray) require justification and appropriate training. Consider risk to bystanders and proportionality.

• Recording and Reporting Details

  All use-of-force incidents must be recorded in reports and, where available, body-worn camera footage preserved. Reports should detail the reason for force, alternatives considered, and any injuries.

• Vulnerable Persons and Medical Considerations Details

  When dealing with children, elderly, pregnant, or mentally vulnerable people, officers should consider reduced force and special handling procedures. Medical needs must be prioritised after any use of force.

Final Notes

• Use of force should always be proportionate, necessary and lawful.
• De-escalation and communication should be attempted whenever safe and feasible.
• Document all decisions, actions and evidence following an incident.